assignment operator latex

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List of LaTeX mathematical symbols

All the predefined mathematical symbols from the T e X package are listed below. More symbols are available from extra packages.

• 1 Greek letters
• 2 Unary operators
• 3 Relation operators
• 4 Binary operators
• 5 Negated binary relations
• 6 Set and/or logic notation
• 8 Delimiters
• 10 Other symbols
• 11 Trigonometric functions
• 13 External links

Greek letters

Unary operators, relation operators, binary operators, negated binary relations, set and/or logic notation, other symbols, trigonometric functions.

Sections remaining to be done : Table 3 onwards from symbols.pdf   (To do)   [1]

External links

• Scott Pakin, The Comprehensive L a T e X Symbol List , 2017. (Lists thousands of symbols and the corresponding L a T e X commands that produce them.)
• Comprehensive T e X Archive Network
• http://ctan.cms.math.ca/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/SYMLIST
• Mathematical symbols

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Operators in LaTeX

LaTex generally shows characters in italics defined in a mathematical mode. However, in some cases, the name of functions need different formatting, which is achieved using operators.

Table of Contents

Introduction.

• Operators in different contexts in LaTex
• Defining your own operators in LaTex

Reference Guide of operators in LaTex

Trigonometrical functions (sin, cos, tan, etc.), logarithmic function (log), etc. are written in LaTex using some special command.

Output: $$ \sin(a + b ) = \sin(a)\cos(b) + \cos(a)\sin(b) $$

Note: This operator commands use Roman characters for printing the function name instead of italics.

Operators in different contexts

Few operators in LaTex are managed in an extraordinary way.

It can include a subscript as shown below:

Output: $$ \lim_{a \rightarrow 0 } \frac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h} $$

Refer Reference Guide for a complete list of supported operators in LaTex.

Defining your own operators

If you would like to add/include your own personalized operators to be displayed in Roman font rather than italics. You can use \DeclareMathOperator

The \DeclareMathOperator command needs two arguments,

• New operator name
• Tex to be displayed

List of mathematical operators supported in LaTex:

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Mathematics — Part 2

This tutorial builds on the basic foundations presented in the previous tutorial . If you often include a lot of maths in your documents, then you will probably find that you wish to have slightly more control over presentation issues. Some of the topics covered make writing equations more complex - but who said typesetting mathematics was easy?!

Adding text to equations

I doubt it will be every day that you will need to include some text within an equation. However, sometimes it needs to be done. Just sticking the text straight in the maths environment won't give you the results you want. For example:

There are two noticeable problems. Firstly, there are no spaces between numbers and text, nor spaces between multiple words. Secondly, the words don't look quite right --- the letters are more spaced out than normal. Both issues are simply artifacts of the maths mode, in that it doesn't expect to see words. Any spaces that you type in maths mode are ignored and LaTeX spaces elements according to its own rules. It is assumed that any characters represent variable names. To emphasise that each symbol is an individual, they are not positioned as closely together as with normal text.

There are a number of ways that text can be added properly. The typical way is to wrap the text with the \mbox{...} command. This command hasn't been introduced before, however, it's job is basically to create a text box just width enough to contain the supplied text. Text within this box cannot be broken across lines. Let's see what happens when the above equation code is adapted:

The text looks better. However, there are no gaps between the numbers and the words. Unfortunately, you are required to explicitly add these. There are many ways to add spaces between maths elements, however, for the sake of simplicity, I find it easier, in this instance at least, just to literally add the space character in the affected \mbox (s) itself (just before the text.)

Formatted text

Using the \mbox is fine and gets the basic result. Yet, there is an alternative that offers a little more flexibility. You may recall from the Formatting Tutorial , the introduction of font formatting commands, such as \textrm , \textit , \textbf , etc. These commands format the argument accordingly, e.g., \textbf{bold text} gives bold text . These commands are equally valid within a maths environment to include text. The added benefit here is that you can have better control over the font formatting, rather than the standard text achieved with \mbox .

However, as is the case with LaTeX, there is more than one way to skin a cat! There are a set of formatting commands very similar to the font formatting ones just used, except they are aimed specifically for text in maths mode. So why bother showing you \textrm and co if there are equivalents for maths? Well, that's because they are subtly different. The maths formatting commands are:

The maths formatting commands can be wrapped around the entire equation, and not just on the textual elements: they only format letters, numbers, and uppercase Greek, and the rest of the maths syntax is ignored. So, generally, it is better to use the specific maths commands if required. Note that the calligraphy example gives rather strange output. This is because for letters, it requires upper case characters. The reminding letters are mapped to special symbols.

Changing text size of equations

A simple approach is to utilise the predefined sizes for maths elements:

A classic example to see this in use is typesetting continued fractions. The following code provides an example.

As you can see, as the fractions continue, they get smaller (although they will not get any smaller as in this example, they have reached the \srciptscriptstyle limit. If you wanted to keep the size consistent, you could declare each fraction to use the display style instead, e.g.,

Another approach is to use the \DeclareMathSizes command to select your preferred sizes. You can only define sizes for \displaystyle }, \textstyle , etc. One potential downside is that this command sets the global maths sizes, as it can only be used in the document preamble.

However, it's fairly easy to use: \DeclareMathSizes{ds}{ts}{ss}{sss} , where ds is the display size , ts is the text size , etc. The values you input are assumed to be point (pt) size. In the example document (mathsize2.pdf) , the math sizes have been made much larger than necessary to illustrate that the changes have taken place.

NB the changes only take place if the value in the first argument matches the current document text size. It is therefore common to see a set of declarations in the preamble, in the event of the main font being changed. E.g.,

Multi-lined equations ( eqnarray environment)

Imagine that you have an equation that you want to manipulate, for example, to simplify it. Often this is done over a number of steps to help the reader understand how to get from the original equation to the final result. This should be a relatively simple task, but as we shall see, the skills for displaying mathematics from the previous tutorial are not adequate. Using what we know so far:

This clearly looks rather ugly. One way to the various elements neatly aligned is to use a table, and place equations inline. Let's have a go:

That doesn't look too bad. Perhaps the extra space between the equation on the left and the equals sign being larger than the gap on the right doesn't look perfect. That could be rectified by adding an extra column and putting the equals sign in the central one:

Looking better. Another issue is that the vertical space between the rows makes makes the equations on the right-hand side look a little crowded. It would be nice to add a little space --- make the rows in the table a little taller. (You need to add \usepackage{array} to your preamble for this to work.)

However, by this stage, we've had to do quite a bit of extra leg work, and there is still one important disadvantage at the end of it. You can't add equation numbers. Because once you are within the tabular environment, you can only use the inline type of maths display. For equation numbers, you need to use the display mode equation package, but you can't in this instance. This is where eqnarray becomes extremely useful.

eqnarray , as the name suggests borrows from the array } package which is basically a simplified tabular environment. The array package was introduced in the Mathematics 1 tutorial for producing matrices. Here is how to use eqnarray for this example:

As you can see, everything is laid out nicely and as expected. Well, except that each row within the array has been assigned its own equation number. Whilst this feature is useful in some instances, it is not required here --- just the one number will do! To suppress equation numbers for a given row, add a \nonumber command just before the end of row command ( \\ ).

If you don't care for equation numbers at all, then rather than adding \nonumber to every row, use the starred version of the environment, i.e., \begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*} .

NB There is a limit of 3 columns in the eqnarray environment. If you need anymore flexibility, you are best advised to seek the AMS Maths packages.

Breaking up long equations

Let us first see an example of a long equation. (Note, when you view the example document for this topic, you will see that this equation is in fact wider than the text width. It's not as obvious on this webpage!)

LaTeX doesn't break long equations to make them fit within the margins as it does with normal text. It is therefore up to you to format the equation appropriately (if they overrun the margin.) This typically requires some creative use of an eqnarray to get elements shifted to a new line and to align nicely. E.g.,

It may just be that I'm more sensitive to these kind of things, but you may notice that from the 2nd line onwards, the space between the initial plus sign and the subsequent fraction is (slightly) smaller than normal. (Observe the first line, for example.) This is due to the fact that LaTeX deals with the + and - signs in two possible ways. The most common is as a binary operator. When two maths elements appear either side of the sign, it is assumed to be a binary operator, and as such, allocates some space either side of the sign. The alternative way is a sign designation. This is when you state whether a mathematical quantity is either positive or negative. This is common for the latter, as in maths, such elements are assumed to be positive unless a - is prefixed to it. In this instance, you want the sign to appear close to the appropriate element to show their association. It is this interpretation that LaTeX has opted for in the above example.

To add the correct amount of space, you can add an invisible character using {} , as illustrated here:

Alternatively, you could avoid this issue altogether by leaving the + at the end of the previous line rather at the beginning of the current line:

There is another convention of writing long equations that LaTeX supports. This is the way I see long equations typeset in books and articles, and admittedly is my preferred way of displaying them. Sticking with the eqnarray approach, using the \lefteqn{...} command around the content before the = sign gives the following result:

Notice that the first line of the eqnarray contains the \lefteqn only. And within this command, there are no column separators ( & ). The reason this command displays things as it does is because the \lefteqn prints the argument, however, tells LaTeX that the width is zero. This results in the first column being empty, with the exception of the inter-column space, which is what gives the subsequent lines their indentation.

Controlling horizontal spacing

LaTeX is obviously pretty good at typesetting maths --- it was one of the chief aims of the core Tex system that LaTeX extends. However, it can't always be relied upon to accurately interpret formulae in the way you did. It has to make certain assumptions when there are ambiguous expressions. The result tends to be slightly incorrect horizontal spacing. In these events, the output is still satisfactory, yet, any perfectionists will no doubt wish to fine-tune their formulae to ensure spacing is correct. These are generally very subtle adjustments.

There are other occasions where LaTeX has done its job correctly, but you just want to add some space, maybe to add a comment of some kind. For example, in the following equation, it is preferable to ensure there is a decent amount of space between the maths and the text.

LaTeX has defined two commands that can be used anywhere in documents (not just maths) to insert some horizontal space. They are \quad and \qquad

A \quad is a space equal to the current font size. So, if you are using an 11pt font, then the space provided by \quad will also be 11pt (horizontally, of course.) The \qquad gives twice that amount. As you can see from the code from the above example, \quad s were used to add some separation between the maths and the text.

OK, so back to the fine tuning as mentioned at the beginning of the document. A good example would be displaying the simple equation for the indefinite integral of y with respect to x :

If you were to try this, you may write:

However, this doesn't give the correct result. LaTeX doesn't respect the whitespace left in the code to signify that the y and the d x are independent entities. Instead, it lumps them altogether. A \quad would clearly be overkill is this situation --- what is needed are some small spaces to be utilised in this type of instance, and that's what LaTeX provides:

NB you can use more than one command in a sequence to achieve a greater space if necessary.

So, to rectify the current problem:

The negative space may seem like an odd thing to use, however, it wouldn't be there if it didn't have some use! Take the following example:

The matrix-like expression for representing binomial coefficients is too padded. There is too much space between the brackets and the actual contents within. This can easily be corrected by adding a few negative spaces after the left bracket and before the right bracket.

As you can begin to see, typesetting maths can be tricky at times. However, because LaTeX provides so much control, you can get professional quality mathematics typesetting for relatively little effort (once you've had a bit of practise, of course!). It would be possible to keep going and going with maths topics because it seems potentially limitless. However, with these two tutorials, you should be able to get along sufficiently.

Table of Contents

Greek letters, superscripts / subscripts, charges & isotopes, reaction arrows, precipitate and gas.

• ​Assignment Workflow

Writing Formulas and Equations (LaTeX)

Updated 2 years ago

LaTeX can be used for math symbols in rubric items, comments, text annotations, answer group names, online assignment questions and responses, and regrade requests and responses. We do not support the single dollar  $ [LaTeX syntax] $ delimiter format because the single dollar sign used for currency is often misinterpreted as LaTeX and vice versa. We do support the following:

• Inline mode  - Put  $$  around your LaTeX markup, and Gradescope will render your math expressions inline with text.
• Display (Paragraph) mode  - Put  $$$  delimiters around your LaTeX markup. Your math expressions will appear larger and in a separate paragraph.

Note that, for the student-specific comment box, LaTeX does not currently render on the grading page. However, your students will be able to see the properly rendered notation when they view the comment. To double check that your LaTeX comment was rendered correctly, you can go to the Review Grades page and click on the student’s name to see their view of the submission.

Math Notation

Superscripts can be created using the caret symbol ^ . Subscripts are created using the underscore symbol _ . To be more explicit about what characters are in an exponent or subscript you can wrap them with curly brackets { } .

Operators that use subscripts or superscripts

Also checkout our markdown tables for an alternative way of displaying tabular data.

Chemical Formulae

Instructors who want to use chemistry equations can make use of the  \ce  command (from the  mhchem package ). This extension makes the notation more succinct. For example, you don’t need to use as many explicit exponents and subscripts.

If you find your equations not looking quite right you can always be more explicit by adding in specific indicators for sub/superscripts ( ^ / _ ) and specifying the sub/superscript arguments by using curly brackets ( { } ). You can see $$\ce{H2O}$$ renders fine in all the versions however $$\ce{ SO^{2-}_{4} }$$ needs more specificity to handle the negative charge:

To place text above or below the arrow, each arrow can take two optional arguments.

Depending on the context \ce{-} can be either a bond, a charge, or a hypen. You can use the bond command \bond followed by a number or a symbol to be more explicit.

Vertical arrows can be a bit tricky because you need a space between your characters and the arrow symbol for the arrows to render.

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Table of contents

Mathematical equations in latex.

LaTeX provides a feature of special editing tool for scientific tool for math equations in LaTeX. In this article, you will learn how to write basic equations and constructs in LaTeX, about aligning equations, stretchable horizontal lines, operators and delimiters, fractions and binomials.

Mathematical modes

For writing math equations in LaTeX, there are two writing modes: the inline mode and the display mode. The inline mode is used to write formulas that are part of the text and the display mode is used to write expressions that are not part of the text and hence are put on different lines. The inline mode uses one of the delimiters: \ ( \), $ $ or \begin{math} \end{math} and the display mode has two versions: numbered and unnumbered. To print equations in display mode one these delimiters are used: \[ \], $$ $$, \begin{displaymath} \end{displaymath} or \begin{equation} \end{equation} .

How to write mathematical notations in LaTeX?

There are three ways to write a math equation in LaTeX and they are described as follows:

1. Inline: An inline expression occurs in the middle of the text. For producing an inline expression, the math expression should be written between the dollar sign ($). For example, $E=mc^2 will give E=mc^2.

2. Equation: Mathematical expressions that are given in a line are known as expressions. These are basically placed on the centre of the page and the equations are important ones that deserve to be highlighted. The inline expression shall be put in between \[ and \].

3. Display style: The command \displaystyle is used to get a full sized inline expression.

Writing basic constructs of math in LaTeX

A formula is made up by combining various constructs. Some of them are explained below:

1. Arithmetic Operations:

Arithmetic equations are typed with a dollar sign. For example, $a + b$, $a - b$, $-a$, $a / b$, $a b$. There are different forms for multiplication and division that are $a \cdot b$, $a \times b$, $a \div b$.

Fractions are typed with the \frac command by putting the denominator and numerator with separate curly brackets.

The display style fraction inline command \dfrac can be used with the \tfrac environment for basically matrices so that the entries look small.

For subscripts and superscripts, we use ‘_’ and ‘^’ respectively. For example, a_{1},\ a_{i_{1}},\ a^{2},\ a^{b^{c}} will yield the result.

There is one symbol that can be automatically superscripted that is, '. For example, $f'(x)$ will yield and to get we input $f^{\prime 2}$.

For indicating dualspace, use the command ${}^{\dagger}$ where the {} means empty group.

The commands \sb and \sp are used for subscripts and superscripts respectively.

2. Binomial Coefficients:

Binomial coefficients are written with command \binom by putting the expression between curly brackets.

We can use the display style inline command \dbinom by using the \tbinom environment.

3. Ellipses:

There are two ellipses low or on the line ellipses and centered ellipses.

The low or on the line ellipses are types as F(x_{1}, x_{2}, \dots, x_{n}) and the centered ellipses are typed as x_{1} + x_{2} + \dots + x_{n}.

LaTeX gives \ldots command to distinguish between low and \bdots for centered ellipses.

The other variants for \dots command are \dotsc for an ellipse followed by comma, \dotsb for an ellipse followed by a binary operation, \dotsm if followed by multiplication, \dotsi for an ellipse with integral and \dotso for an “other” ellipse.

4. Integral:

In an integral math equation in LaTeX, the lower limit is taken as a subscript and the upper limit is taken as a superscript. For example, the code $\int\limits_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^{2}} \, dx = \sqrt{\pi}$ yields.

The commands \oint, \iint, \iiint and \idotsint yield and respectively.

For complicated bounds, we use \substack command or the subarray environment.

The command \sqrt produces the square root. For example, $\sqrt{5}$ and $\sqrt{a + 2b + c^{2}}$ gives and respectively.

Can be typed using the expression $\sqrt[g]{5}$ and the position of ‘g’ can be adjusted by providing the additional commands: \leftroot moves ‘g’ left or right with negative argument and \uproot moves ‘g’ up or down with negative attribute.

Writing single equation

Output of the above code

Aligning Equations

We use the equation environment to wrap our equation or we can use equation if we want it to be numbered. The environment split is used inside an equation environment to split the equation into smaller pieces which will be aligned accordingly.

Displaying long equations

The equations that utilise more than one line use multiline environment. We use a double backslash to set the point where equation has to be broken. The first line is aligned to the left and the second line is aligned to the right. We use * to determine whether the equation has to be numbered or not.

Aligning several equations

We use the align environment with * for determining whether the equation is numbered or not.

Grouping and Centering Equations

Math equation in LaTeX provides three stretchable lines/arrows that appear above or below the equation: braces, bars and arrows. The \overbrace command places a brace above the expression (or variables) and the command \underbrace places a brace below the expression. The command \overline and \underline places a line above or below the expression. The command \overleftarrow and \overrightarrow places an arrow above or below the expression. The expression has to be written between curly brackets.

Parenthesis or Brackets

Parenthesis and brackets are very common in a mathematical equation. We can amend the size of a bracket in math equations in LaTeX.

Size of the brackets can be changed as described below

There are various types of operators like trigonometrical functions, logarithms and others which are written using special functions.

The operators that take parameters are written in a special way. For example, in a limit equation, the limit declaration includes a subscript.

The user can define or personalise his operator by using the command \DeclareMathOperator which takes two parameters, the first one is the name of the new operator and the second one is the text to be displayed. If the operator uses subscripts then the command \DeclareMathOperator* is used.

Fractions and Binomials

Fractions and binomial coefficients of math equations in LaTeX are written using the \frac and \binom command respectively.

We use the \frac command to display fractions. The expression between the first pair of brackets is the numerator and in the second is the denominator. The text size of the fraction changes according to the text near it. You can also set the text size of the fraction manually by using the command \displaystyle.

Fractions can be nested to obtain complex expressions. The command \cfrac displays nested fractions without changing the text size. An example of it is given below:

Don't want to invest time in typesetting documents manually?

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cppreference.com

Assignment operators.

Assignment operators modify the value of the object.

[ edit ] Explanation

copy assignment operator replaces the contents of the object a with a copy of the contents of b ( b is not modified). For class types, this is a special member function, described in copy assignment operator .

For non-class types, copy and move assignment are indistinguishable and are referred to as direct assignment .

compound assignment operators replace the contents of the object a with the result of a binary operation between the previous value of a and the value of b .

[ edit ] Builtin direct assignment

The direct assignment expressions have the form

For the built-in operator, lhs may have any non-const scalar type and rhs must be implicitly convertible to the type of lhs .

The direct assignment operator expects a modifiable lvalue as its left operand and an rvalue expression or a braced-init-list (since C++11) as its right operand, and returns an lvalue identifying the left operand after modification. The result is a bit-field if the left operand is a bit-field.

For non-class types, the right operand is first implicitly converted to the cv-unqualified type of the left operand, and then its value is copied into the object identified by left operand.

When the left operand has reference type, the assignment operator modifies the referred-to object.

If the left and the right operands identify overlapping objects, the behavior is undefined (unless the overlap is exact and the type is the same).

In overload resolution against user-defined operators , for every type T , the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

For every enumeration or pointer to member type T , optionally volatile-qualified, the following function signature participates in overload resolution:

For every pair A1 and A2, where A1 is an arithmetic type (optionally volatile-qualified) and A2 is a promoted arithmetic type, the following function signature participates in overload resolution:

[ edit ] Example

Possible output:

[ edit ] Builtin compound assignment

The compound assignment expressions have the form

The behavior of every builtin compound-assignment expression E1 op = E2 (where E1 is a modifiable lvalue expression and E2 is an rvalue expression or a braced-init-list (since C++11) ) is exactly the same as the behavior of the expression E1 = E1 op E2 , except that the expression E1 is evaluated only once and that it behaves as a single operation with respect to indeterminately-sequenced function calls (e.g. in f ( a + = b, g ( ) ) , the += is either not started at all or is completed as seen from inside g ( ) ).

In overload resolution against user-defined operators , for every pair A1 and A2, where A1 is an arithmetic type (optionally volatile-qualified) and A2 is a promoted arithmetic type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

For every pair I1 and I2, where I1 is an integral type (optionally volatile-qualified) and I2 is a promoted integral type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

For every optionally cv-qualified object type T , the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

[ edit ] Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

[ edit ] See also

Operator precedence

Operator overloading

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C# Tutorial

C# examples, c# assignment operators, assignment operators.

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

In the example below, we use the assignment operator ( = ) to assign the value 10 to a variable called x :

Try it Yourself »

The addition assignment operator ( += ) adds a value to a variable:

A list of all assignment operators:

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