research paper on temple architecture

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Building science of indian temple architecture

by Shilpa Sompur

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This piece was written as a response to Michael Meister’s review of The Temple Architecture of India published in CAA reviews, 23 April 2008 http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/1109#.YL3bO0w69PY The version below is a longer version of http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/1131#.YL3bhkw69PY and was posted along with Michael’s review as a ‘discussion piece’ on the ACSAA website.

MD Mazed Chowdhury

Every style of building construction reflects a clearly distinctive basic principle that represents a particular culture and era. In this context, the Indian Hindu temples are not only the abode of God and place of worship, but they are also the cradle of knowledge, art, architecture and culture. A temple structure is considered to be everlasting and it should signify the art, architectural and cultural milieu of the period built. It also helps to retain and expand the social and cultural values of Hinduism among the people from one generation to another. This study intends to show that, a temple structure irrespective of its value can act as an artefact of the present generation's culture, knowledge and technological developments.

B. K. DAS , Naveen Nishant

2022, Journal of Northeastern University

Hindu temple architecture is known from the earliest time in the world as per Hindu philosophy. Various ancient Hindu texts like Epics, Puranas, Vedas, Mayamata, Brihat Samhita, etc. inculcates the subject called Vastu. The key source for the Hindu temple architecture is derived from the magical geometry i.e. Vastupurusha Mandala. The structure of the temple building acts as a single human body. It is a metaphysical philosophy which deals beyond the reality. The Vastu plays a vital role during construction of temples and building structures. The formation of any ancient Indian structures is possible due to some guidance in terms of units which can be evaluated and fixed easily by the help of traditional system of measurement. The importance of traditional measurement unit is framed rigidly in the paper for understanding the geometry of the structures with better perception. The main objectives of the research paper are (1) to study the architectural geometry from its origin and its measurement unit, (2) to explore the evolution of Vastushastra and its types, (3) to analyse the interlinkages between the Vastupurusha Mandala with temple building and temple with Purusha (human being). Hence this research paper is a unique in its own way for describing the architectural design pattern of Hindu temples in a systematic manner. At last but not least the proposed findings and conclusion of the research paper based on the Vastushastra is that the evolution of the concerned ancient building structures can be easily determined on the basis of traditional measurement system. The magical diagram can be taken into account in various fields from architecture to planning level with sustainable approach. Through achieving the certain objectives help to depict the way of designing, constructing and planning any Hindu temple structures at present scenario in a confined manner.

2001, The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians

2023, Embodied Dependencies and Freedoms: Artistic Communities and Patronage in Asia

To what extent have the architects of temples in India been constrained by canonical texts? The degree to which any artist can be free from the norms and conventions of their art is a huge question. In the case of an architectural tradition like those responsible for temple building in medieval India, passed down through lineages and from master to pupil, dependent on patronage and large resources, invested with social and political significance, and held to be sacred, the meaning of 'artistic freedom' is all the more questionable. The architects of Indian temples, moreover, developed complex architectural languages which I would characterise not so much as 'strict' as highly structured. If temples can be considered an art form, then a particular form of temple is analogous to, say, a sonnet in poetry, where creating something new within the given pattern is the whole point, and to stray too far from it is no longer to write a sonnet. Indian temple forms follow certain modes, for each of which is developed a variety of particular types. Typology, a ubiquitous preoccupation of the texts, is also a conspicuous aspect of temple architecture itself from the moment around the fifth century CE when a repertoire of basic shrine types inherited from timber construction began to be translated into masonry. Combining existing types to create new types became a fundamental design principle. Constraints as well as creative possibilities were thus inherent in the tradition, the medium. Someone carrying out the role of a temple architect, though not without agency, was in all these respects dependent. Such dependence must be borne in mind as we examine the more specific question of constraints imposed by texts.

Kiran Bettadapur

2023, THE RUBRIC OF HINDU TEMPLE ARCHITECTURAL STYLES: A Study of the Evolutional Diversity in Typological Idioms

Local traditions govern temple architectural typologies; often, structural styles and building methods were progressively blended depending on congregation of experts and promotion of construction activity. While the texts enumerate many nuances in temple architectural styles, only about twenty-odd types dominate the landscape. Early natural caves and frescoed caverns, inspired by Buddhist prayer halls, evolved to rock-cut caves, which progressively incorporated iconographic objects and sculptures. The form evolved from simple, functional structures to imposing, magnificent buildings, which indicate progression of elaboration of and opulence in rituals― it reflects complexities in symbolism too. Local materials and influences determined regional preferences for designs, which evidence mutual inductance and overlapping of styles. This paper documents the diverse and numerous Hindu temple architecture styles based on not only the designs and traditions that are more recurrently featured in ancient texts, but also the exemplars and archetypes that are most commonly observed in ancient temple structures.

IAEME Publication

2019, IAEME PUBLICATION

Generally, architecture can be termed as a field of art in building, a structure designed by human beings. Therefore, the grandeur and the height of a civilization is measured by the buildings it left behind which include religious buildings. This can be seen through Indian architecture that appeared as a result of the emergence of Buddhism and Hinduism. Between the main objectives of this study is to discuss the concept, goals and philosophy found in the architecture of India. In addition, the study also discusses the characteristics and elements of Indian architecture made up of Buddhist and Hindu architecture that has influenced some of the architecture of other buildings in the world. In this writing, the authors used qualitative methodology focusing on research on the analysis of documents and observations. The finding shows that the concept and philosophy of Indian architecture has been largely influenced by nation and world civilization. The study also identified the characters and elements. system along the western coast of India.

Nichaporn Atsavaboonsap

Modern architecture in India has represented preserving its cultural heritage that defined a modern Indian architecture that does not disregard conventional Indian architecture but using traditional elements and religious belief corporate with design philosophy that can also be used in contemporary Indian architecture.B.V. Doshi and other Indian architects have attempted to define and adapt Western architecture to a traditional form of Indian architecture that considers and represents society, civilization, and nature by typology, environment, sun, and wind.

Rana P.B. SINGH , Sonali Jaiswal

2018, Kardameshvara (Kashi) temple, a Religious Heritage from India: Sacred Landscape, Architectural Designs and Perspectives.

Banaras (Varanasi), known as the cultural capital of India, enriched by more than three thousand temples; most of them eulogised in the puranic literature and are linked by the pilgrimage routes. Among several of such pilgrimage routes Panchakroshi is the most popular and well documented too. This route is divided into five parts symbolised with night halt stations; the first one is Kardameshvara, recording continuity since CE 10th century. This is the only surviving and functional temple with architectural grandeur and cultural expression with variety of images, viz. Hindus, Tantrics, Jains, Primordial, and auxiliaries. Notable heritage values of images are described and their landscape links are explained. The architectural and landscape characteristics, heritage values and related festivities make the temple of Kardameshvara as an example of mosaicness of culture and heritages (tangible, intangible, mixed). Taking in view the inclusive heritage development on the line of cultural sustainability, selected attributes are documented in terms of architecture and the surrounding landscapes. It is expected that this will help in preparation of overall development plan where heritage be taken as basic resource. Keywords: sacred landscape, symbolism, pilgrimage path, architectural design, religious heritage.

meltem vatan

This chapter is going to deal with the evolution of structural systems; traditional structural systems, modern structural systems and more than traditional approach to the structural systems. Beyond this, even though this chapter is related with structural systems as an integral part of architectural design, it is also going to explore the link between culture, traditional structural techniques, and influence of culture, cultural beliefs and local materials, natural constraints as local available materials, climate effects and disaster risks as drivers affecting the evolution of structural systems. Structural principles of traditional construction techniques will be analyzed. The link between modern buildings and their structural systems and traditional construction techniques will be discussed by tracing modern buildings and structural systems in terms of their evolution. The subject matter will be approached in a descriptive manner. The examples given will be used to trace the link between past and present as a way of associating cultural effect with the architectural uniqueness.

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The origin of the curvilinear superstructure in the Indian temple has been the subject of inquiry in the works of Indian temple architecture and it still remains a mystery to be proven, despite a number of solutions given based on scriptures and guesses. The principal reason for this ignorance, according to Simpson, is owing to the absence of monuments representing the steps by which the Hindu temple was developed to its complete form. 1 However, Chandra states that Coomaraswamy was the first to interpret the Hindu temple not only as a building providing shelter for the image and the worshippers but also as the image of the cosmos, the house of God and also his body. It represents in its parts the drama of disintegration and reintegration which is the essential theme of Indian myth and its ritual enactment in the sacrifice. 2

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HINDU TEMPLE CONSTRUCTION

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