Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field.

For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click here .

Your step-by-step guide to the submission form

Keep this page open for reference as you complete each task in the submission form. The form has 7 major sections, which are outlined below. 

After you provide the required information, Editorial Manager will compile your files into a PDF to send to the journal.

online research paper submission

Sign in to the Editorial Manager , and click  Submit New Manuscript

Submission Steps

Article type selection.

Follow the on-screen instructions to select the appropriate article type:

  • Research Article: reports the results of original primary research, including quantitative and qualitative studies, methods and software studies, systematic reviews, and other work.
  • Clinical Trial: research that prospectively assigns human participants to one or more health-related interventions to evaluate the effects on health outcomes.
  • Registered Report Protocol: reports a study’s rationale, proposed methodology for data collection and analysis. Registered Report Protocols undergo peer-review to ensure that the planned research will meet the PLOS ONE publication criteria.
  • Registered Report: primary research articles that describe the findings from a study preregistered as a Registered Report Protocol. After data collection, the Registered Report manuscript includes the Introduction and Methods from the original Registered Report Protocol plus the Results and Discussion outlining the findings and their interpretation. Available only as follow-up to a published PLOS ONE Registered Report Protocol.
  • Lab Protocol:  describes verified methodologies and consists of a protocol posted to the protocols.io platform and a peer-reviewed PLOS ONE  article.
  • Study Protocol:  describes detailed plans for research projects that have not yet generated results.

All primary research submissions are subject to the same publication criteria , but may require slightly different information in the submission form.

Attach Files

Upload the following submission files individually:

  • Cover letter
  • Manuscript (in DOC, DOCX, RTF)
  • Supporting information (including supporting documentation for specific study types )

For each file uploaded, choose the matching Item Type from the dropdown menu. Enter or edit the autofill description for each file in the Description field .

Upload figures in TIFF or EPS format, at a 300-600 ppi resolution, and not exceeding 10MB in size. Supporting information files are acceptable in any format.

Before you upload, use PACE to check that the figures meet our requirements.

Upload LaTex manuscripts  in PDF format. If the article is accepted for publication, the .tex files will be required.

Preprint PDF

PLOS offers the option to have your submission forwarded to  bioRxiv  or medRxiv  for consideration for posting as a preprint. You will have a chance to opt in on the Additional Information screen.

If you plan to participate, you may upload a preprint PDF now, using the Preprint PDF item type. Alternatively, PLOS ONE can automatically compile a preprint PDF suitable for bioRxiv or medRxiv from the manuscript and figure files included in your submission. 

​ General Information

Select one of the categories provided that most closely matches the research area discussed in the manuscript.

Add keywords to help expedite processing of your manuscript (optional) . You will not have an opportunity to make changes, so make sure to add concise, accurate keywords now.

Review Preferences

Provide the names of any  Editors or reviewers  who should not assess the submission, and give the reason for opposition. Make sure to clearly indicate if the individual is an Editor in the explanation. 

The editorial team will respect these requests as long as they do not interfere with the objective and thorough assessment of the submission.

Additional Information

Required statements.

Check the boxes to indicate that you have read and agree with the 5 required statements regarding PLOS Editorial and Publishing Policies: 

  • Reporting requirements  and  data availability
  • Consideration of related manuscripts
  • Contributors named in the Acknowledgments

United States Government employee

Specify if any of the authors are employees of the US Government. If accepted, the article will use a CC0 license .

Financial disclosure

Describe the sources of funding that supported the work, if any, and indicate whether they played a role at any point in the research or publication process. To draft the statement, consult the disclosure of funding sources policy and follow the in-system instructions.

This information will appear in the published article, if accepted. Ensure it is detailed and accurate.

Competing interests statement

Declare any author affiliations or relationships that could be viewed as potential competing interests. To draft the statement, consult the competing interests policy and follow the in-system instructions.

Ethics statement

If the study made use of human or animal subjects and/or tissue, you must provide an ethics statement. Make sure this information exactly matches the ethics statement included in the manuscript and that it fulfills our reporting requirements for human subjects research and animal research . 

We will evaluate your ethics statement to ensure that it meets our standards. Include as much information as possible.

Figure guidelines

Confirm that the figures comply with our image preparation guidelines , including those on image manipulation .

Copyrighted figures

If any of the images included in the submission fall under copyright or were adapted from images under copyright, provide the following additional details:

  • Image source
  • Permissions received from the copyright holder to publish under a CC BY license (CC0 for US Government employees)
  • Where the image appears in the manuscript and how it is used (e.g. visualized, reproduced)
  • For any adapted images, upload a copy of the original figure on the Attach Files screen

Dual publication

State whether any of the elements in the manuscript have been published or are under consideration for publication elsewhere. If yes, it is very important to provide full details in the event that the journal needs to consider copyright issues.

Calls for Papers and Collections

If you are submitting in response to a call for papers in a specific topic area, enter the title of the call in the space provided.

Request editors

Recommend 2-5 Academic Editors from the Editorial Board who you think are qualified to handle the submission.

New species

If the paper describes a new taxon, provide its name. Be sure that the manuscript includes the required nomenclature and identification details .

Data availability statement

Use the following guidance to construct your Data Availability statement. This information will appear in the article if accepted. 

  • Confirm whether all data reported in the manuscript are publicly available. PLOS requires that authors deposit all reported data and related metadata underlying the study findings in an appropriate public repository unless already provided in the submission. See the data reporting guidelines .
  • Describe where the data can be found in full sentences. Use the in-system instructions to draft a suitable statement.
  • Check the boxes to specify if the data will be available in a repository upon acceptance or if you need journal assistance to make it available. Journal staff will follow up to help later on in the process.

Publication fees

Follow the in-system instructions to specify how payment will be handled if the manuscript is accepted for publication. If you have any questions, email the author billing department . 

Editors and reviewers have no access to payment information, therefore your ability to pay does not influence the decision to publish.

Preprint posting

Specify whether your manuscript is currently posted on a preprint server. If so, provide the DOI or identifier.

Group authors and consortia

If your author list includes a group author or consortium , provide the name here.

Enter any comments that you would like to send to the journal office. These comments will not be visible to Editors or reviewers or appear in the published article if accepted. 

If this manuscript has been returned to you with a request for corrections or clarifying information (e.g. about images under copyright, competing interests), provide a response here as directed in the email you received from the journal.

Manuscript Data

Editorial Manager will extract details from the manuscript to gather the following information. Verify that they’re correct, and fill in any missing details:

  • Author list (see instructions below)
  • Funding information

Author list

Enter each author’s name, email address, institutional affiliation, and contributions . Ensure authors are listed in the same order as in the manuscript.

Do not list group authors here. Provide the names of group authors and consortia in the manuscript and in the group author question  on the Additional Information screen.

Corresponding author

The submitting author is automatically added to the author list and given the role of corresponding author in the submission system. If this author will not be available for an extended period of time, [email protected].

You can designate different corresponding authors on the manuscript who will receive post-publication correspondence if the submission is accepted.

Change the corresponding author

To transfer the role to another author in the list, click the pencil icon next to the author’s name, and check This is the corresponding author .

Read more about designating corresponding authors and corresponding author responsibilities.

Send to PLOS

When you supply all requested information, click Build PDF for Approval on the final screen. The system will merge the submission files into a PDF for your review. Click Approve to send it to the journal. 

Congratulations! You’re done. You will receive a confirmation message with a manuscript number to track the submission’s progress.

Revised Manuscripts

Submitting a revision? Read the instructions for revised manuscripts .

Questions about the submission process? Email [email protected] .

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  • Publication Recognition

How to Submit a Paper for Publication in a Journal

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Table of Contents

Whether you’ve done it before, or not, submitting a paper for publication in a journal is, to say the least, a process that brings great anxiety and stress. After all your hard work for many months, or even years, recognition is finally at your grasp. That is why there no room for mistakes.

What to Expect of the Scientific Publishing Process

If you are a beginner, you might be struggling to know exactly what to do. After all, it is a step-by-step process, sometimes with a lot of players and paperwork involved; it’s not always evident what to do next. An excellent, high-quality manuscript is the best way to give a good impression from the beginning, putting your paper on the right track for a successful submission. At Elsevier, with our Language Editing services , we not only revise your manuscript, but guarantee there are no text errors.

If, on the other hand, you have already published articles, you might have enough experience to know that each paper submission in a journal is different. Either the journal is different, or the context has changed, or the peers are new. You never know what can go right or wrong, other than the variable that lies under your control – that the manuscript is error-free and spot-on for successful acceptance. In this case, you might consider Elsevier’s professional Language Editing services to amend your text to the target journal’s requirements, helping you focus on other projects.

Scientific Paper Submission. Are you ready? Let’s go!

For many researchers, putting their paper through the professional journal submission process is stressful. Here is a simple to-do list which might help you go through all of it with some peace of mind:

  • Use an external editing service, such as Elsevier’s Author Services if you need assistance with language.
  • Free e-learning modules on preparing your manuscript can be found on Researcher Academy.
  • Mendeley makes your life easier by helping you organize your papers, citations and references, accessing them in the cloud on any device, wherever you are.
  • Do not rush submitting your article for publication Carefully re-read and revise your manuscript. Re-reading is essential in the research field and helps identify the most common problems and shortcomings in the manuscript, which might otherwise be overlooked. Often, reading your text out loud will uncover more errors than reading silently to yourself. If you are doubtful about the quality of your text, consider Elsevier’s Professional Language Editing services . Our professional team is trained to provide you with an optimal text for successful submission.
  • Read the journal’s aims and scope to make sure they match your paper.
  • Check whether you can submit – some journals are invitation only.
  • Use the journal’s metrics to measure its impact. In fact, you can also check other additional info – like speed and reach to understand if it’s the right one for you.
  • If you’re a post doc, check out our free access program.
  • Read the aims and scope and author guidelines of your target journal carefully Once you think your manuscript is ready for submission, the next important step is to read the aims and scope of the journals in your target research area. Doing so will improve the chances of having your manuscript accepted for publishing.
  • Submit a cover letter with the manuscript Never underestimate the importance of a cover letter addressed to the editor or editor-in-chief of the target journal. A good cover letter should underline 3 main aspects: the main theme of the paper, its originality/novelty and the relevance of the manuscript to the target journal.
  • Make a good first impression with your title and abstract The title and abstract are incredibly important components of a manuscript as they are the first elements a journal editor sees. They create interest and curiosity about the whole work.

Now, what happens if your paper gets rejected by the journal ? It is, by no means, the end of the world. There are very real steps you can take to ultimately get published in a reputable journal.

The Science of Article Publishing

Article publishing is every researcher’s aim. It brings visibility and recognition, essential factors for those who intend to build a full career in research. However, most scientists feel handicapped or lost when it comes to conveying their findings or ideas to others. For many, it can be difficult to re-format a certain type of text to another, be aware of formatting requirements and translate their work into visually appealing outcomes. Additionally, keeping track of all the steps needed to submit an article for publication can be overwhelming and take too much time that could be spent doing new research.

At Elsevier, we believe everyone should be doing what they do best: in this case, leave research for scientists and leave the science of turning the best ideas into excellent quality text to our professionals.

Language Editing Services by Elsevier Author Services:

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Type a few words about the sequence data you are submitting and select an option to learn more. You can also browse submission information below.

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Suggested tools

SRA accepts unassembled reads from high throughput sequencing platforms. Submitted data files should generally be minimally processed and include per-base quality scores.

Submit unassembled reads of SARS-CoV-2 with BioProject, BioSample, metadata and NGS files.

GEO accepts raw data, processed data and metadata for gene expression and epigenomics datasets generated by high-throughput sequencing and microarray technologies.

Submit assembled complete or incomplete/draft prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. Not for viral, phage, or single locus sequences (for example: 16S rRNA). Submit those to regular GenBank .

Computationally assembled transcribed RNA sequences representing a transcriptome derived from sequence reads submitted to Sequence Read Archive (SRA).

Submit ribosomal RNA (rRNA), rRNA-ITS, SARS-CoV-2, Influenza, Norovirus, Dengue, metazoan COX1 or eukaryotic nuclear mRNA

Submit assembled reads of SARS-CoV-2 with FASTA files and source metadata. Annotation for SARS-CoV-2 is not required.

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Submit the electronic version of a peer-reviewed manuscript for inclusion in PubMed Central.

Explore clinicial studies conducted around the world.

Large-scale sequencing projects for an individual loci are taken in GenBank & Sequence Read Archive (SRA).

Submit BioNano maps, Beta-lactamase gene, and PacBio methylation data.

NCBI takes data capturing experimental or inferential results supporting annotation dervied from GenBank primary data.

Small human genomic variation: single nucleotide, insertions, deletions, and microsatellites.

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Automatically create a BioProject and BioSample during sequence data submission.

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We need a little more information. Add to your description above, indicating sequence data type and/or whether your data is assembled, unassembled or expression data.

GenBank is the world's largest nucleotide archive containing sequences from all branches of life. The archive is a foundation for medical and biological discovery.

Submit assembled SARS-CoV-2 , Influenza, Norovirus, Dengue virus, rRNA, rRNA-ITS, metazoan COX1, Eukaryotic nuclear mRNA sequences.

Submit genomic DNA, organelle, ncRNA, plasmids, other viruses, phages, mRNA, synthetic constructs.

Submit assembled eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes (WGS or Complete).

Sequence Read Archive (SRA)

SRA is the largest publicly-available repository of high throughput sequencing data. The archive accepts data from all branches of life as well as metagenomic and environmental surveys.

Submit unassembled, high throughput sequencing reads

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Submit RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, and other types of gene expression and epigenomics datasets. Learn more

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Sequence Submission FAQ

What is an accession number.

An accession number in bioinformatics is a unique identifier given to a DNA or protein sequence record to allow for tracking of different versions of that sequence record and the associated sequence over time in a single data repository. Because of its relative stability, accession numbers can be utilized as foreign keys for referring to a sequence object, but not necessarily to a unique sequence. All sequence information repositories implement the concept of "accession number" but might do so with subtle variation.

What happens after my data is submitted?

Please read the NLM GenBank and SRA Data Processing document which describes how sequence data are processed and made available to the public, responsibilities of the data submitter, responsibilities of NCBI, and defines data status. You may write to [email protected] if you have questions about your submitted data or if you have questions about the document.

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How to publish your paper

On this page, journal specific instructions, nature journal pledge to authors, how to publish your research in a nature journal, editorial process, about advance online publication, journals' aop timetable, frequently asked questions.

For more information on how to publish papers in a specific Nature Portfolio title, please visit the author instructions page for the  journal  that is of interest to you.

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Editors of the Nature journals strive to provide authors with an outstandingly efficient, fair and thoughtful submission, peer-review and publishing experience. Authors can expect all manuscripts that are published to be scrutinized for peer-review with the utmost professional rigor and care by expert referees who are selected by the editors for their ability to provide incisive and useful analysis. Editors weigh many factors when choosing content for Nature journals, but they strive to minimize the time taken to make decisions about publication while maintaining the highest possible quality of that decision.

After review, editors work to increase a paper's readability, and thereby its audience, through advice and editing, so that all research is presented in a form that is both readable to those in the field and understandable to scientists outside the immediate discipline. Research is published online without delay through our Advance Online Publication system. Nature journals provide more than 3,000 registered journalists with weekly press releases that mention all research papers to be published. About 800,000 registered users receive e-mailed tables of contents, and many papers are highlighted for the nonspecialist reader on the journal's homepage, contents pages and in News and Views.

Throughout this process, the editors of Nature journals uphold editorial, ethical and scientific standards according to the policies outlined on the  author and referee site as well as on our journal websites. We periodically review those policies to ensure that they continue to reflect the needs of the scientific community, and welcome comments and suggestions from scientists, either via the feedback links on the author and referees' website or via our author blog,  Nautilus , or peer-review blog,  Peer to Peer .

The Nature journals comprise the weekly, multidisciplinary Nature, which publishes research of the highest influence within a discipline that will be of interest to scientists in other fields, and fifteen monthly titles, publishing papers of the highest quality and of exceptional impact:  Nature Biotechnology, Nature Cell Biology, Nature Chemical Biology, Nature Chemistry, Nature Climate Change, Nature Communications, Nature Genetics, Nature Geoscience, Nature Immunology, Nature Materials, Nature Medicine, Nature Methods, Nature Nanotechnology, Nature Neuroscience, Nature Photonics, Nature Physics, Nature Protocolsand Nature Structural and Molecular Biology.  These journals are international, being published and printed in the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan. See  here for more information  about the relationship between these journals.

Nature  and the Nature monthly journals have Impact Factors that are among the highest in the world. The high prestige of these journals brings many rewards to their authors, but also means that competition for publication is severe, so many submissions have to be declined without peer-review.

The Nature journals differ from most other journals in that they do not have editorial boards, but are instead run by professional editors who consult widely among the scientific community in making decisions about publication of papers. This article is to provide you with an overview of the general editorial processes of these unique journals. Although the journals are broadly similar and share  editorial policies , all authors should consult the author information pages of the specific Nature journal before submitting, to obtain detailed information on criteria for publication and manuscript preparation for that journal, as some differences exist.

The following sections summarise the journals' editorial processes and describe how manuscripts are handled by editors between submission and publication. At all stages of the process, you can access the online submission system and find the status of your manuscript.

Presubmission enquiries

Many Nature journals allow researchers to obtain informal feedback from editors before submitting the whole manuscript. This service is intended to save you time — if the editors feel it would not be suitable, you can submit the manuscript to another journal without delay. If you wish to use the presubmission enquiry service, please use the online system of the journal of your choice to send a paragraph explaining the importance of your manuscript, as well as the abstract or summary paragraph with its associated citation list so the editors may judge the manuscript in relation to other related work. The editors will quickly either invite you to submit the whole manuscript (which does not mean any commitment to publication), or will say that it is not suitable for the journal. If you receive a negative response, please do not reply. If you are convinced of the importance of your manuscript despite editors' reservations, you may submit the whole manuscript using the journal's online submission system. The editors can then make a more complete assessment of your work. Note that not all Nature journals offer a presubmission enquiry service.

Initial submission

When you are ready to submit the manuscript, please use the online submission system for the journal concerned. When the journal receives your manuscript, it will be assigned a number and an editor, who reads the manuscript, seeks informal advice from scientific advisors and editorial colleagues, and compares your submission to other recently published papers in the field. If the manuscript seems novel and arresting, and the work described has both immediate and far-reaching implications, the editor will send it out for peer review, usually to two or three independent specialists. However, because the journals can publish only a few of the manuscripts in the field or subfield concerned, many manuscripts have to be declined without peer review even though they may describe solid scientific results.

Transfers between Nature journals

In some cases, an editor is unable to offer publication, but might suggest that the manuscript is more suitable for one of the other Nature journals. If you wish to resubmit your manuscript to the suggested journal, you can simply follow the link provided by the editor to transfer your manuscript and the reviewers' comments to the new journal. This process is entirely in your control: you can choose not to use this service and instead to submit your manuscript to any other Nature or nature research journal, with or without including the reviewers' comments if you wish, using the journal's usual online submission service. For more information, please see the  manuscript transfers page .

Peer review

The corresponding author is notified by email when an editor decides to send a manuscript for review. The editors choose referees for their independence, ability to evaluate the technical aspects of the paper fully and fairly, whether they are currently or recently assessing related submissions, and whether they can review the manuscript within the short time requested.

You may suggest referees for your manuscript (including address details), so long as they are independent scientists. These suggestions are often helpful, although they are not always followed. Editors will honour your requests to exclude a limited number of named scientists as reviewers.

Decisions and revisions

If the editor invites you to revise your manuscript, you should include with your resubmitted version a new cover letter that includes a point-by-point response to the reviewers' and editors' comments, including an explanation of how you have altered your manuscript in response to these, and an estimation of the length of the revised version with figures/tables. The decision letter will specify a deadline, and revisions that are returned within this period will retain their original submission date.

Additional supplementary information is published with the online version of your article if the editors and referees have judged that it is essential for the conclusions of the article (for example, a large table of data or the derivation of a model) but of more specialist interest than the rest of the article. Editors encourage authors whose articles describe methods to provide a summary of the method for the print version and to include full details and protocols online. Authors are also encouraged to post the full protocol on  Nature Protocols'  Protocol Exchange , which as well as a protocols database provides an online forum for readers in the field to add comments, suggestions and refinements to the published protocols.

After acceptance

Your accepted manuscript is prepared for publication by copy editors (also called subeditors), who refine it so that the text and figures are readable and clear to those outside the immediate field; choose keywords to maximize visibility in online searches as well as suitable for indexing services; and ensure that the manuscripts conform to house style. The copy editors are happy to give advice to authors whose native language is not English, and will edit those papers with special care.

After publication

All articles are published in the print edition and, in PDF and HTML format, in the online edition of the journal, in full. Many linking and navigational services are provided with the online (HTML) version of all articles published by the Nature journals.

All articles and contact details of corresponding authors are included in our press release service, which means that your work is drawn to the attention of all the main media organizations in the world, who may choose to feature the work in newspaper and other media reports. Some articles are summarized and highlighted within Nature and Nature Portfolio publications and subject-specific websites.

Journals published by Nature Portfolio do not ask authors for copyright, but instead ask you to sign an exclusive  publishing license . This allows you to archive the accepted version of your manuscript six months after publication on your own, your institution's, and your funder's websites.

Disagreements with decisions

If a journal's editors are unable to offer publication of a manuscript and have not invited resubmission, you are strongly advised to submit your manuscript for publication elsewhere. However, if you believe that the editors or reviewers have seriously misunderstood your manuscript, you may write to the editors, explaining the scientific reasons why you believe the decision was incorrect. Please bear in mind that editors prioritise newly submitted manuscripts and manuscripts where resubmission has been invited, so it can take several weeks before letters of disagreement can be answered. During this time, you must not submit your manuscript elsewhere. In the interests of publishing your results without unnecessary delay, we therefore advise you to submit your manuscript to another journal if it has been declined, rather than to spend time on corresponding further with the editors of the declining journal.

Nature journals offer Advance Online Publication (AOP).

We believe that AOP is the best and quickest way to publish high-quality, peer-reviewed research for the benefit of readers and authors. Papers published AOP are the definitive version: they do not change before appearing in print and can be referenced formally as soon as they appear on the journal's AOP website. In addition,  Nature  publishes some papers each week via an Accelerated Article Preview (AAP) workflow. For these papers, we upload the accepted manuscript to our website as an AAP PDF, without subediting of text, figures or tables, but with some preliminary formatting. AAP papers are clearly indicated by a watermark on each page of the online PDF.

Each journal's website includes an AOP table of contents, in which papers are listed in order of publication date (beginning with the most recent). Each paper carries a digital object identifier (DOI), which serves as a unique electronic identification tag for that paper. As soon as the issue containing the paper is printed, papers will be removed from the AOP table of contents, assigned a page number and transferred to that issue's table of contents on the website. The DOI remains attached to the paper to provide a persistent identifier.

Nature  publishes many, but not all, papers AOP, on Mondays and Wednesdays.

For the monthly Nature journals publishing primary research, new articles are uploaded to the AOP section of their web sites once each week. Occasionally, an article may be uploaded on other days.

The monthly Nature Reviews journals also upload new articles to the AOP section of their web sites once each week.

Q. Which articles are published AOP?

A.  Original research is published AOP — that is, Articles and Letters, and for the Nature journals that publish them, Brief Communications. Associated News and Views articles may be published with the AOP Article or Letter or when the papers are published in the print/online edition of the journal.  Nature  occasionally publishes other article types AOP, for example News and Commentaries. 

Q. Is the AOP version of the article definitive?

A.  Yes. Only the final version of the paper is published AOP, exactly as it will be published in the printed edition. The paper is thus complete in every respect except that instead of having a volume/issue/page number, it has a DOI (digital object identifier). This means that the paper can be referenced as soon as it appears on the AOP site by using the DOI. Nature also publishes some papers each week via an Accelerated Article Preview workflow, where the accepted version of the paper is uploaded as a PDF to our website without subediting of text, figures and tables, but with some preliminary formatting. These papers are clearly identified by a watermark on each page of the PDF.

Q. What is a Digital Object Identifier?

A.  The DOI is an international, public, "persistent identifier of intellectual property entities" in the form of a combination of numbers and letters. For Nature Portfolio journals, the DOI is assigned to an item of editorial content, providing a unique and persistent identifier for that item. The DOI system is administered by the International DOI Foundation, a not-for-profit organization. CrossRef, another not-for-profit organization, uses the DOI as a reference linking standard, enables cross-publisher linking, and maintains the lookup system for DOIs. Nature Portfolio is a member of CrossRef.

Q. What do the numbers in the DOI signify?

A.  The DOI has two components, a prefix (before the slash) and a suffix (after the slash). The prefix is a DOI resolver server identifer (10) and a unique identifier assigned to the publisher—for example, the identifier for Nature Portfolio is 1038 and the entire DOI prefix for an article published by Nature Portfolio is 10.1038. The suffix is an arbitrary number provided by the publisher. It can be composed of numbers and/or letters and does not necessarily have any systematic significance. Each DOI is registered in a central resolution database that associates it with one or more corresponding web locations (URLs). For example, the DOI 10.1038/ng571 connects to http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng571.

Q. Can I use the DOI in a reference citation?

A.  Yes, instead of giving the volume and page number, you can give the paper's DOI at the end of the citation. For example, Nature papers should be cited in the form;

Author(s)  Nature  advance online publication, day month year (DOI 10.1038/natureXXX).

After print publication, you should give the DOI as well as the print citation, to enable readers to find the paper in print as well as online. For example;

Author(s)  Nature  volume, page (year); advance online publication, day month year (DOI 10.1038/natureXXX).

Q. How can I use a DOI to find a paper?

A.  There are two ways:

  • DOIs from other articles can be embedded into the linking coding of an article's reference section. In Nature journals these appear as "|Article|" in the reference sections. When |Article| is clicked, it opens another browser window leading to the entrance page (often the abstract) for another article. Depending on the source of the article, this page can be on the Nature Portfolio's site or a site of another publisher. This service is enabled by CrossRef.
  • A DOI can be inserted directly into the browser. For example, for the DOI 10.1038/ng571, typing http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng571 brings up the entrance page of the article.

Q. What is the official publication date?

A.  Many journals, and most abstracting and indexing services (including Medline and Thomson-Reuters) cite the print date as the publication date. Publishers usually state both the 'online publication date' and the 'print publication date'. Nature Portfolio publishes both dates for our own papers, in the hope that scientific communities, as well as abstracting and indexing services, will recognize these dates.

We endeavour to include both the online publication date and the usual print citation in reference lists of Nature Portfolio papers, where a paper has been published online before being published in print. Given the use of the DOI in locating an online publication in the future, we encourage authors to use DOIs in reference citations.

For legal purposes (for example, establishing intellectual property rights), we assume that online publication constitutes public disclosure. But this is for the courts to decide; Nature Portfolio's role as a publisher is to provide clear documentation of the publication history, online and in print.

Q. Must I be a subscriber to read AOP articles?

A.  Yes. AOP papers are the same as those in the print/online issues: while abstracts are freely available on any Nature Portfolio journal's web site, access to the full-text article requires a paid subscription or a site license.

Q. Does Medline use DOIs?

A.  Medline currently captures DOIs with online publication dates in its records, and is developing an enhanced level of support for the DOI system.

Q. Does Thomson-Reuters use DOIs?

A.  Thomson Reuters captures DOIs in its records at the same time as the volume/issue/page number. Therefore, it is not using the DOI to capture information before print publication, but rather as an additional piece of metadata.

Q. How does AOP affect the Impact Factor?

A.  Impact factors are calculated by Thomson-Reuters. At present, Thomson-Reuters bases its calculations on the date of print publication alone, so until or unless it changes its policy, AOP has no effect on impact factors.

Q. What are the page numbers in PDFs of AOP papers?

A.  For convenience, the PDF version of every AOP article is given a temporary pagination, beginning with page 1. This is unrelated to the final pagination in the printed article.

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How Do Online Manuscript Submission Systems Work?

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Many publishers now use electronic manuscript submission and peer-review systems to manage their publications and it is important for authors to get familiar with these as it could save them valuable time and help them communicate better with editors and referees.

Most of the programs available work in a similar way—be it ScholarOne , used by SAGE and some of the journals published by the Nature Publishing Group, Editorial Manager , used by Springer, Wiley, or PLOS, or Elsevier’s new Evise®. All these systems have been designed to make the publishing process more efficient and readily accessible to authors and reviewers from all over the world.

Fast, Easy, and Convenient

There are many advantages associated with online submission systems. In general, they ensure a more rapid and convenient publication while saving authors, editors, and publishers time and money. Authors can submit their manuscripts electronically at any time and from any part of the world. Similarly, suitable referees can be contacted easily by e-mail. Access to the system (for both authors and referees) is controlled by login and user privileges. The electronically conducted peer-review process allows for faster and easier communication between authors and referees.

Role of Editors in Security of the System

However, recent issues, such as the discovery of peer-review rings , have exposed some weaknesses in modern publishing systems . In several cases, unethical scholars have exploited features of the automated process to cheat editors into accepting manuscripts, often by doing their own reviews. In the end, it is the responsibility of the journals and their editorial teams to invite suitable referees for their papers. If the selection process is done in a proper way, by carefully checking the e-mail addresses, affiliations, and expertise of potential reviewers, such problems can be minimized.

In the past, other issues including poor password management and lax password protection were also discussed. In 2012, an Elsevier journal retracted several papers after an unknown person accessed an editor’s account and assigned the manuscripts to fake peer reviewers. Fortunately, many of these security problems have been corrected and the benefits of electronic manuscript submission systems now overweigh the drawbacks.

Six Simple Steps to Online Submission

The online submission process is usually quite straightforward—and the software provided by most publishers is self-explanatory—so submitting a paper to a journal only requires a few simple steps :

  • Preparing your manuscript : To start with, make sure that your paper is ready for submission. Most journals have specific formatting and length requirements, so check the author guidelines on the publisher’s site for more information. Some journals even have templates for the different types of publications, which you can download.
  • Registration and/or login: The first time you use an online system, you must register for an account. You will need your login information each time you return to the site.
  • Entering manuscript information: When submitting your paper, you must provide some basic information, such as title, authors, affiliations, abstract, cover letter, suggested and/or opposed reviewers (in some cases), conflicts of interest, keywords, etc. At this stage, you must also inform the editor of any related manuscripts submitted or in press at other journals.
  • Uploading your manuscript to the system: Now it is time to upload the text and figure files of your paper. The manuscript will normally be converted to PDF for your review and approval.
  • Providing additional information: Normally, you can also upload supporting information (images, movie files, or text) to the journal’s database. In most cases, you will also be prompted to submit a completed copyright form provided by the publisher.
  • Reviewing and submitting your paper: Finally, you must carefully review the converted PDF file to make sure that all the equations, tables, and special characters are shown properly. Once approved and submitted, the converted file will be viewed by editors and referees.

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How to Write a Research Paper | A Beginner's Guide

A research paper is a piece of academic writing that provides analysis, interpretation, and argument based on in-depth independent research.

Research papers are similar to academic essays , but they are usually longer and more detailed assignments, designed to assess not only your writing skills but also your skills in scholarly research. Writing a research paper requires you to demonstrate a strong knowledge of your topic, engage with a variety of sources, and make an original contribution to the debate.

This step-by-step guide takes you through the entire writing process, from understanding your assignment to proofreading your final draft.

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Table of contents

Understand the assignment, choose a research paper topic, conduct preliminary research, develop a thesis statement, create a research paper outline, write a first draft of the research paper, write the introduction, write a compelling body of text, write the conclusion, the second draft, the revision process, research paper checklist, free lecture slides.

Completing a research paper successfully means accomplishing the specific tasks set out for you. Before you start, make sure you thoroughly understanding the assignment task sheet:

  • Read it carefully, looking for anything confusing you might need to clarify with your professor.
  • Identify the assignment goal, deadline, length specifications, formatting, and submission method.
  • Make a bulleted list of the key points, then go back and cross completed items off as you’re writing.

Carefully consider your timeframe and word limit: be realistic, and plan enough time to research, write, and edit.

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There are many ways to generate an idea for a research paper, from brainstorming with pen and paper to talking it through with a fellow student or professor.

You can try free writing, which involves taking a broad topic and writing continuously for two or three minutes to identify absolutely anything relevant that could be interesting.

You can also gain inspiration from other research. The discussion or recommendations sections of research papers often include ideas for other specific topics that require further examination.

Once you have a broad subject area, narrow it down to choose a topic that interests you, m eets the criteria of your assignment, and i s possible to research. Aim for ideas that are both original and specific:

  • A paper following the chronology of World War II would not be original or specific enough.
  • A paper on the experience of Danish citizens living close to the German border during World War II would be specific and could be original enough.

Note any discussions that seem important to the topic, and try to find an issue that you can focus your paper around. Use a variety of sources , including journals, books, and reliable websites, to ensure you do not miss anything glaring.

Do not only verify the ideas you have in mind, but look for sources that contradict your point of view.

  • Is there anything people seem to overlook in the sources you research?
  • Are there any heated debates you can address?
  • Do you have a unique take on your topic?
  • Have there been some recent developments that build on the extant research?

In this stage, you might find it helpful to formulate some research questions to help guide you. To write research questions, try to finish the following sentence: “I want to know how/what/why…”

A thesis statement is a statement of your central argument — it establishes the purpose and position of your paper. If you started with a research question, the thesis statement should answer it. It should also show what evidence and reasoning you’ll use to support that answer.

The thesis statement should be concise, contentious, and coherent. That means it should briefly summarize your argument in a sentence or two, make a claim that requires further evidence or analysis, and make a coherent point that relates to every part of the paper.

You will probably revise and refine the thesis statement as you do more research, but it can serve as a guide throughout the writing process. Every paragraph should aim to support and develop this central claim.

A research paper outline is essentially a list of the key topics, arguments, and evidence you want to include, divided into sections with headings so that you know roughly what the paper will look like before you start writing.

A structure outline can help make the writing process much more efficient, so it’s worth dedicating some time to create one.

Your first draft won’t be perfect — you can polish later on. Your priorities at this stage are as follows:

  • Maintaining forward momentum — write now, perfect later.
  • Paying attention to clear organization and logical ordering of paragraphs and sentences, which will help when you come to the second draft.
  • Expressing your ideas as clearly as possible, so you know what you were trying to say when you come back to the text.

You do not need to start by writing the introduction. Begin where it feels most natural for you — some prefer to finish the most difficult sections first, while others choose to start with the easiest part. If you created an outline, use it as a map while you work.

Do not delete large sections of text. If you begin to dislike something you have written or find it doesn’t quite fit, move it to a different document, but don’t lose it completely — you never know if it might come in useful later.

Paragraph structure

Paragraphs are the basic building blocks of research papers. Each one should focus on a single claim or idea that helps to establish the overall argument or purpose of the paper.

Example paragraph

George Orwell’s 1946 essay “Politics and the English Language” has had an enduring impact on thought about the relationship between politics and language. This impact is particularly obvious in light of the various critical review articles that have recently referenced the essay. For example, consider Mark Falcoff’s 2009 article in The National Review Online, “The Perversion of Language; or, Orwell Revisited,” in which he analyzes several common words (“activist,” “civil-rights leader,” “diversity,” and more). Falcoff’s close analysis of the ambiguity built into political language intentionally mirrors Orwell’s own point-by-point analysis of the political language of his day. Even 63 years after its publication, Orwell’s essay is emulated by contemporary thinkers.

Citing sources

It’s also important to keep track of citations at this stage to avoid accidental plagiarism . Each time you use a source, make sure to take note of where the information came from.

You can use our free citation generators to automatically create citations and save your reference list as you go.

APA Citation Generator MLA Citation Generator

The research paper introduction should address three questions: What, why, and how? After finishing the introduction, the reader should know what the paper is about, why it is worth reading, and how you’ll build your arguments.

What? Be specific about the topic of the paper, introduce the background, and define key terms or concepts.

Why? This is the most important, but also the most difficult, part of the introduction. Try to provide brief answers to the following questions: What new material or insight are you offering? What important issues does your essay help define or answer?

How? To let the reader know what to expect from the rest of the paper, the introduction should include a “map” of what will be discussed, briefly presenting the key elements of the paper in chronological order.

The major struggle faced by most writers is how to organize the information presented in the paper, which is one reason an outline is so useful. However, remember that the outline is only a guide and, when writing, you can be flexible with the order in which the information and arguments are presented.

One way to stay on track is to use your thesis statement and topic sentences . Check:

  • topic sentences against the thesis statement;
  • topic sentences against each other, for similarities and logical ordering;
  • and each sentence against the topic sentence of that paragraph.

Be aware of paragraphs that seem to cover the same things. If two paragraphs discuss something similar, they must approach that topic in different ways. Aim to create smooth transitions between sentences, paragraphs, and sections.

The research paper conclusion is designed to help your reader out of the paper’s argument, giving them a sense of finality.

Trace the course of the paper, emphasizing how it all comes together to prove your thesis statement. Give the paper a sense of finality by making sure the reader understands how you’ve settled the issues raised in the introduction.

You might also discuss the more general consequences of the argument, outline what the paper offers to future students of the topic, and suggest any questions the paper’s argument raises but cannot or does not try to answer.

You should not :

  • Offer new arguments or essential information
  • Take up any more space than necessary
  • Begin with stock phrases that signal you are ending the paper (e.g. “In conclusion”)

There are four main considerations when it comes to the second draft.

  • Check how your vision of the paper lines up with the first draft and, more importantly, that your paper still answers the assignment.
  • Identify any assumptions that might require (more substantial) justification, keeping your reader’s perspective foremost in mind. Remove these points if you cannot substantiate them further.
  • Be open to rearranging your ideas. Check whether any sections feel out of place and whether your ideas could be better organized.
  • If you find that old ideas do not fit as well as you anticipated, you should cut them out or condense them. You might also find that new and well-suited ideas occurred to you during the writing of the first draft — now is the time to make them part of the paper.

The goal during the revision and proofreading process is to ensure you have completed all the necessary tasks and that the paper is as well-articulated as possible. You can speed up the proofreading process by using the AI proofreader .

Global concerns

  • Confirm that your paper completes every task specified in your assignment sheet.
  • Check for logical organization and flow of paragraphs.
  • Check paragraphs against the introduction and thesis statement.

Fine-grained details

Check the content of each paragraph, making sure that:

  • each sentence helps support the topic sentence.
  • no unnecessary or irrelevant information is present.
  • all technical terms your audience might not know are identified.

Next, think about sentence structure , grammatical errors, and formatting . Check that you have correctly used transition words and phrases to show the connections between your ideas. Look for typos, cut unnecessary words, and check for consistency in aspects such as heading formatting and spellings .

Finally, you need to make sure your paper is correctly formatted according to the rules of the citation style you are using. For example, you might need to include an MLA heading  or create an APA title page .

Scribbr’s professional editors can help with the revision process with our award-winning proofreading services.

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Checklist: Research paper

I have followed all instructions in the assignment sheet.

My introduction presents my topic in an engaging way and provides necessary background information.

My introduction presents a clear, focused research problem and/or thesis statement .

My paper is logically organized using paragraphs and (if relevant) section headings .

Each paragraph is clearly focused on one central idea, expressed in a clear topic sentence .

Each paragraph is relevant to my research problem or thesis statement.

I have used appropriate transitions  to clarify the connections between sections, paragraphs, and sentences.

My conclusion provides a concise answer to the research question or emphasizes how the thesis has been supported.

My conclusion shows how my research has contributed to knowledge or understanding of my topic.

My conclusion does not present any new points or information essential to my argument.

I have provided an in-text citation every time I refer to ideas or information from a source.

I have included a reference list at the end of my paper, consistently formatted according to a specific citation style .

I have thoroughly revised my paper and addressed any feedback from my professor or supervisor.

I have followed all formatting guidelines (page numbers, headers, spacing, etc.).

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Online Submission

Online submission of manuscript is now mandatory for all types of paper. Please prepare your manuscript according to the instructions for authors given below before submitting it online at http://mts.sciepub.com . If submission is completed successfully, a paper ID will be allocated to you and an e-mail acknowledgement will follow. All subsequent correspondence should be sent to the Assistant Editor, David Rain , at [email protected] .

Preparation of Manuscripts Manuscripts should be original (have not been published elsewhere) and written in English with a concise, straightforward style. Authors not fluent in English are advised to have their manuscript checked by a colleague with a good command of the language. The manuscript should present scientific findings which are essentially new and which have not been published or submitted for publication elsewhere. Review papers are also welcomed.

1. Format: Prior to submission, authors who believe their manuscript would benefit from professional editing are encouraged to use language-editing and copyediting services. Obtaining this service is the responsibility of the author, and should be done before initial submission. A template ( download ) is available to guide authors in the preparation of the manuscript.

2. Length: Although there is no page limit for a Regular Paper, it is strongly suggested that a complete manuscript be no less than 5 pages and no more than 25 pages (10 pt, double-spaced, including figures, tables, and references).

3. Sections of Manuscript: Articles should be organized into the following sections: Reviews and Mini-reviews Article Title, Authors’ names and institutional affiliations, Abstract and Keywords, Introduction, Main text (divided into subheadings), Conclusions, Acknowledgements (if any), Statement of Competing Interests, List of Abbreviations (if any), References. Research Articles Article Title, Authors’ names and institutional affiliations, Abstract and Keywords, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusions, Acknowledgements (if any), Statement of Competing Interests, List of Abbreviations (if any), References.

3.1. Title (20 words or less) In general, a paper title will not exceed 20 words. It should be brief and grammatically correct and reflect the emphasis and content of the paper accurately, clearly, and concisely. Usually a paper title does not include numbers, acronyms, abbreviations or punctuations. It contains sufficient detail for indexing purposes and at the same time it is general enough for the layman to know what the paper is about.

3.2. Authors’ names and institutional affiliations This should include first and last names of all authors (without titles or qualifications), their affiliations (Department, Institute, City, Post/Zip code, Country), and email addresses. Authors’ names and affiliations should be consecutively using superscript numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.). The corresponding author should also be indicated.

3.3. Abstract and Keywords The abstract should be concise and comprehensive, about 200 words and not exceed 300 words, which give a brief introduction to the study, including the essential findings, conclusions and significance, not including references, headings or non-standard abbreviation. Usually an abstract contains three parts, Background, Methodology/Principal Findings, and Conclusions/Significance. Don’t apply such distinct headings to the abstract within the article file and don’t use any citations or specialist abbreviations. Please suggest 5–7 keywords which can be used to describe the content of the paper. Each keyword should be kept short, one word where possible (though two and three word specialist terms are also acceptable where necessary).

3.4. Introduction In this part, the author should make out a case for the study, and provide a brief literature survey (avoid citing literature older than ten years, unless absolutely necessary), the background, the hypothesis as well as the significance of the present research.

3.5. Materials and Methods Experimental procedures should be given in sufficient detail to allow these to be replicated by other researchers. The source of the various reagents and materials used in the study should be given, where possible.

3.6. Results The results section should provide details of all of the experiments that are required to support the conclusions of the paper. There is no specific word limit for this section, but details of experiments that are peripheral to the main thrust of the article and that detract from the focus of the article should not be included. The section may be divided into subsections, each with a concise subheading. Large datasets, including raw data, should be submitted as supporting files; these are published online alongside the accepted article. We advise that the results section be written in past tense.

3.7. Discussion This section should present comprehensive analysis of the results in the light of any previous research. Discussion may also be combined with results.

3.8. Conclusions Conclusion section should bring out the significance of your research paper, show how you’ve brought closure to the research problem, and point out remaining gaps in knowledge by suggesting issues for further research.

3.9. Acknowledgements The authors should first acknowledge the source of funding for the research presented in their article followed by any personal credits.

3.10. Statement of Competing Interests Include an explicit disclosure of any competing interests (financial or others) that may have influenced the study or the conclusions drawn from the study. If none, state 'the authors have no competing interests'.

3.11. List of Abbreviations Define all non-standard abbreviations in parenthesis on their first appearance in the text as well as provide a list. Standard abbreviations need not to be included in the list.

3.12. References The reference list appears at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper (with the exception of personal communications) must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text. Only published or accepted manuscript should be included in the reference list. Papers that have been submitted but not yet accepted should not be cited. Limited citation of unpublished work should be included in the body of the text only as “unpublished data”. Citation As you write your report, you will cite your references. A citation to a reference in the body of the text is indicated by a bracketed number corresponding to the reference number in the References section. Example: During high stress periods, individuals should focus on the situation-specific tasks rather than rely on general knowledge structures. [1] Reference Formats GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS A complete reference should contain the name(s) of the author(s) and/or editor(s), the title of the article, the name of the book or conference proceedings where appropriate, and bibliographic information about the article such as the name of the publisher, the city of publication, and the page numbers. The basic concept is that the reference should be sufficiently complete so that the reader could readily find the reference and can judge the authority and objectivity of the reference. All author names appear as Last name, Initials. For example, if Kirsten Patrick is the primary author and Alice M. Agogino is the second author, the correct appearance of the author names would be: Patrick, K., and Agogino, A.M. Books Standard format  Authors, Title (in italics), Publisher, City of Publication, Year of Publication, page numbers(if appropriate). Example:  1. Fogg, B.J, Persuasive technology: using computers to change what we think and do , Morgan Kaufmann Publishers,   Boston, 2003, 30-35. Journal articles Standard format  Authors, “Title of the article,” Journal name (in italics), Volume (Issue), Pages, Month Year. Example:  Hirsh, H., Coen, M.H., Mozer, M.C., Hasha, R. and Flanagan, J.L, “Room service, AI-style,” IEEE intelligent systems ,  14 (2). 8-19. Jul.2002. Conference Proceedings Standard format  Authors, “Title of the article,” in Title of conference (in italics),Publisher, Pages. Example:  Leclercq, P. and Heylighen, “A. 5,8 Analogies per hour: A designer's view on analogical reasoning,” in   7th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Design , Kluwer Academic Publishers, 285-303. E-Books Standard format  Authors, Title of E-book (in italics),Publisher, Date of original publication. [Format] Available: Source. Example:  T. Eckes, The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender , Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000. [E-book] Available: netLibrary e-book. E-journal Standard format  Authors, "Title of Article," Title of Journal (in italics), Volume (Issue), pages, month year. [Format] Available: Database Name (if appropriate), article number (if given), internet address. [Accessed date of access]. Example:  A. Altun, "Understanding hypertext in the context of reading on the web: Language learners' experience,"   Current Issues in Education , 6(12), July 2003. [Online]. [Online]. Available: http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number12/. [Accessed Dec. 2, 2004].

3.13. Tables The table title should be concise, no more than one sentence. The rest of the table legend and any footnotes should be placed below the table. Footnotes can be used to explain abbreviations. Tables must be cell-based, such as would be produced in a spreadsheet program or in Microsoft Word. Do not provide tables as graphic objects. Tables must be no larger than one printed page (7inches x 9.5inches). Larger tables can be published as online supporting information. Bold and italics formatting will be preserved in the published version; however, more extensive formatting will be lost. Do not include color, shading, lines, rules, text boxes, tabs, returns, or pictures within the table. All tables must be numbered consecutively (in Arabic numbers). Table headings should be placed (centered) above the table. Place tables as close as possible to where they are mentioned in the main text. All Tables should be referred to in the text as Table 1, Table 2, etc.

3.14. Figures Figures should be as small and simple as is compatible with clarity. The goal is for figures to be comprehensible to readers in other or related disciplines, and to assist their understanding of the paper. Unnecessary figures and parts (panels) of figures should be avoided: data presented in small tables or histograms, for instance, can generally be stated briefly in the text instead. Avoid unnecessary complexity, coloring and excessive detail. All illustrations should be original drawings or photographic prints of originals. Photographs should be glossy prints. Photocopies are often not good enough and should be avoided. All illustrations must be numbered consecutively, as Fig. 1, Fig. 2. Center figure captions beneath the figure. Do not assemble figures at the back of your article, but place them as close as possible to where they are mentioned in the main text. No part of a figure should go beyond the typing area.

3.15. Figure Legends The aim of the figure legend should be to describe the key messages of the figure, but the figure should also be discussed in the text. Each legend should have a concise title of no more than 15 words. The legend itself should be succinct, while still explaining all symbols and abbreviations. Avoid lengthy descriptions of methods.

3.15. Equations Number equations consecutively. Equation numbers, within parentheses, are to position flush right, as in Eq. (1) or equation (1), using a right tab stop.

Note that the formula is centered using a center tab stop. Be sure that the symbols in your formula have been defined before or immediately following the equation. Use “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1)”, not “(1)”, in the sentences. Notation. Notation must be legible, clear, compact, and consistent with standard usage. In general, acronyms should be defined at first use. Variables and Vectors. Set single-letter variables in italics (e.g. m). Set vectors in boldface (e.g. E). Derivative "d," abbreviations, and multi-letter identifiers should be set in roman (plain) type (e.g. cos, ∫...dx).

4. Submission self-checklist Before submitting your manuscript online, please check that all style and format requirements have been carefully followed. » English spelling and punctuations are used throughout the paper. »  The paper is original, not submitted anywhere else. »  The length of the paper is commensurate with content. »  The title and headings are brief and catchy. »  Names and affiliations (including postal codes) of all authors are correct and complete. »  Figures are of sufficient quality for printing, with clear resolution of detail. »  Abstract and keywords are provided. »  All table captions and figure legends are provided. »  Tables/Figures are properly placed and numbered with brief titles/ captions. »  References are in standard style.

Publishing process

The following sections summarize the journals' publishing processes and describe how manuscript are handled from submission to publication. At all stages of the process, you can access the online submission system and find the status of your manuscript.

1) Author submits a manuscript

2) Journal editor screens manuscript Within one week of being submitted, each journal paper undergoes a preliminary review by the journal editor. The journal editor decides among three options for routing the paper: The journal editor decides among three options for routing the paper: Send out for review. The manuscript meets the basic requirements of SciEP. At least two reviewers will be located by the journal editor, who will send each reviewer a copy of the paper. Return for revision If your manuscript has not passed the preliminary review, the review comment will be returned to you for revision. Rejection without peer review While manuscript have to go through the peer review process in order to be published, they can be rejected without peer review. For high-impact, general science journals, the majority of submitted papers may be rejected in this manner. While this may appear surprising or disturbing, it is essential to understand the underlying reasons and the inevitability of this undesired aspect of the research publication process. There could be many reasons for rejection without review:  1. Content of the article is not within the scope of the journal.  2. Non-conformity with journal style, format or guidelines.  3. Duplication or large overlap with existing work or apparent plagiarism.  4. Results are not novel or significant enough; lead to only an incremental advance in field.  5. Article is too specialized/in-depth or superficial.  6. Limited interest to journal target audience.  7. Poor quality of research.  8. Results or interpretation are too preliminary or speculative.  9. Lack of clarity/conciseness in presentation.

3) Manuscript is peer reviewed

4) Journal editor/editorial board decides whether to publish Once peer review has been completed, the original author(s) of the article will modify their submission in line with the reviewers' comments, and this is repeated until the editor is satisfied. Review Decisions by Reviewers and Editors: 1. Accept in present form The reviewer will decide that the manuscript is ready for publication in its present form when at least two reviewers are in agreement. The associate editor will sum up the results of the review and report them to the chief editors. The secretary will then send an acceptance letter to the author on behalf of the chief editors. The paper will be moved to final editing for online publication. 2. Revision Required The reviewer will decide that the paper is not ready for publication and needs revision when at least two reviewers are in agreement. The associate editor will send the reviewers’ comments to the author for revision. The author should include with his(her) resubmitted version a new cover letter that includes a point-by-point response to the reviewers' and editors' comments, including an explanation of how you have altered your manuscript in response to these, and an estimation of the length of the revised version with figures/tables. 3. Declined final The reviewers will decide that the paper is inappropriate for publication when at least two reviewers are in agreement. No revisions will be requested for further consideration. The paper may not be resubmitted without substantial revision.

5) Copy Editing and Typesetting Copy editing seeks to ensure that an article conforms to the journal's house style, that all of the referencing and labelling is correct, and that there are no spelling or grammatical errors. Typesetting deals with the appearance of the article — layouts, fonts, headings etc., both for print and online publication. Copy editing and typesetting are carried out by copyeditors (also called subeditors), who refine it so that the text and figures are readable and clear to those outside the immediate field; choose keywords to maximize visibility in online searches as well as suitable for indexing services; and ensure that the papers conform to house style. The copyeditors are happy to give advice to authors whose native language is not English, and will edit those papers with special care.

6) Proof Reading The typeset first proofs are sent to the author electronically as a PDF. Corrections to the proofs should be minor – authors should not rewrite or make substantial additions.

7) Printing The final text and cover proofs will undergo a thorough editorial review before they are accepted and sent to print. All papers are published in the print edition and, in PDF and HTML format, in the online edition of the journal, in full.

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Initial Submission Online

Prepare your manuscript as detailed here and then submit online via the web site .

CHECKLIST prior to initial submission:

You must ensure that you have available the following files. Acceptable file formats are listed here . Please ensure that all files are named carefully and unambiguously so that their content is clear. For original submissions, a single PDF including main text, figures and tables is the preferred format. Supplementary file(s) should be uploaded separately.

  • A PDF file of your complete manuscript text including tables, figures and their captions.
  • Any supplementary data MUST be in a file(s) separate from the main manuscript file
  • A file of any related manuscript currently under consideration by another journal (see Publication Ethics )
  • Your manuscript title and abstract text for cutting and pasting into the system
  • The email addresses of all of your co-authors [Please note that the journal reserves the right to contact the Senior Author of the manuscript if his/her contact details are not included.]
  • Names, institutes and email addresses of at least six suggested Referees. They should be scientists working independently (i.e. not a recent collaborator) in areas similar to your own who have relevant expertise, such as those included in your reference list. If you have any queries please contact the Editorial Office ( [email protected] ).
  • Your letter to the Editor. The letter must contain details of any previous submissions of the work to NAR (see Publication Ethics )
  • Between two and five keywords or short relevant phrases

Browser compatibility

The following browsers are compatible with the NAR online submission system: Internet Explorer 9, 10, 11, Firefox 32, Chrome 37, Safari 6, 7. For more details click 'System requirements' on the log-in screen.

Submitting your manuscript

  • If you already have a user account (i.e. you have submitted or reviewed a manuscript on this system before) use your existing User ID and Password. (Your user ID may be your email address.)
  • If you do not know your login details, check to see if you are already registered by entering your email address into the 'Password Help' box. If your email address has changed recently please check that there is no account under a previous email address. If you are not already registered, you can register by clicking on the 'Create account' button at the top right of the Log In screen and following the on-screen instructions.
  • If you have trouble finding manuscripts, or other problems with your account, do not create another account. Instead, please contact the Editorial Office ( [email protected] ).
  • NAR supports the ORCID initiative. All submitting authors are required to register with ORCID and link their ORCID ID to their ScholarOne account. For more information on ORCID and how to register or link accounts, please visit this page .
  • To submit a new manuscript, go to your 'Author Centre', click on 'Start new submission', and then follow the on-screen instructions. There are 7 steps to follow to submit your manuscript and you can monitor progress from the checklist on the left. You move from one step to the next by clicking on the 'Save and Continue' button on each screen. Please note that if you click on the 'Back' or 'Forward' buttons on your browser, the information you have entered will not be saved. Enter your manuscript data into the relevant fields, following the instructions at the top of each screen. It is compulsory to complete many of the fields, which are marked 'req'. At any stage you can stop the submission process by clicking on the 'Main Menu' button. Everything you have typed into the system will be saved, and the partially completed submission will appear under 'Unsubmitted and Manuscripts in Draft' in your 'Author Centre'. To return to the submission process you will need to click on the button 'Continue' against the relevant manuscript title. Files and metadata will be saved in the system for 30 days from the start of your submission process, so it is essential that you complete submission within this time.
  • Locate individual files using the 'Browse' buttons and select the appropriate 'File type' from the pull-down menu. One of the files must be a 'Manuscript File'.
  • Upload your files (in groups of up to five) by clicking on the 'Upload files' button. This may take several minutes. A number of screens (one per file) will appear, in which you can provide figure/table captions. Click 'save' to confirm the upload of the file.
  • If you have more than five files to upload you should repeat this procedure until all are uploaded.
  • Indicate the order in which the files should appear. This is particularly important for figure files as it will determine the order in which they appear in the consolidated PDF used for peer review.
  • After your files have been uploaded, you should view and proofread your manuscript, by clicking on the PDF button and the HTML button. If the files have not been uploaded to your satisfaction, go back to the file upload screen where you can remove the files you do not want and repeat the process.
  • When you are satisfied with the uploaded manuscript proof click on 'Save and Continue' which will take you to the 'Review & Submit' screen. The system will check that you have completed all the mandatory fields and that you have viewed your manuscript proof. It will also present you with a summary of all the information you have provided and give you a final chance to edit it. If there is a red cross next to any section this will indicate that not all the fields have been filled in correctly. You may either go back to the relevant page or click the nearest 'edit' button.
  • When you have finished reviewing this information press 'Submit'. You should do this within 30 days of the start of your submission process to avoid losing your data.
  • After the manuscript has been submitted you will see a confirmation screen and receive an email confirmation stating that your manuscript has been successfully submitted. This will also give the assigned manuscript number, which is used in all correspondence during peer review. If you do not receive this, your manuscript will not have been successfully submitted to the journal and the paper cannot progress to peer review. If this is the case your manuscript will still be sitting in the 'Unsubmitted Manuscripts' section of your 'Author Centre' awaiting your attention.
  • If you return to your 'Author Centre' you will notice that your newly submitted manuscript can be found in the 'Submitted Manuscripts' area. The 'Status' section provides information on the status of your manuscript as it moves through the review process.
  • After you have completed the submission process, if you then discover a mistake (e.g. missing or incorrect figures), do NOT go through the submission process a second time. Instead, please contact the Editorial Office ( [email protected] ) for advice.

Uploading your revised manuscript

  • Log on to the online submission web site as before and, in the 'Author Centre', click on the purple button 'Manuscripts Awaiting Revision'. You will see those manuscripts that require a revision (or that have been revised). Locate the correct manuscript and create a revision by clicking on 'Create a Revision' under Actions. You will be able to see the Editor and reviewer comments and to respond to these.
  • The 'Upload files' screen will automatically be populated with the files that you uploaded at initial submission. You should delete all files that have been changed during revision and upload your revised files in their place, by the procedure used during initial submission. You will also be able to amend, if necessary, any of the associated manuscript information, using the same 7 steps followed in your initial submission. If you wish to complete the process another time, you will find the manuscript in your 'Revised manuscripts in draft' list.

A editable file of your complete manuscript including title page and abstract with changed text marked in red. The file should be in .doc, .rtf, or LaTeX format NOT .pdf.

Your high-resolution figure files. Detailed guidelines are available . Please make sure that each figure is clearly labelled with its number.

Complex tables should be uploaded separately. Detailed guidelines are available . Please make sure that each table is clearly labelled with its number.

Any supplementary data MUST be in a file(s) separate from the main manuscript file.

  • If you click on 'View comments/respond' you will see the Editor's letter to you together with the Referees' comments. You must cut and paste your responses into the text areas at the bottom of the screen. If you wish to upload any supplementary information not intended for publication, you should upload it as a 'cover letter' file.
  • When you have completed your revision, press the 'Submit' button. If your revised manuscript has been successfully submitted, you will see a confirmation screen showing your manuscript number; this will be the same as that of your initial submission with the prefix 'R1' (or R2, R3 as appropriate). You will also receive an email confirming the submission.
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Online Submission

Call for paper - december – 2023 edition   , (sjif impact factor: 5.966) (ijifactor 3.8, ranking: a+) (pif: 3.460).

IJATCA solicits original research papers for the December – 2023 Edition. Last date of manuscript submission is December 30, 2023 .

  • Online Research Paper Submission

The IJATCA digital library includes manuscripts, articles and research papers from the different areas of technology. IJATCA provides an immediate, barrier-free access to the full content of research articles without any subscription of the digital library of this journal.

The primary audience of this publication comprises academics, graduate students, practitioners and all others interested in computer applications research. The journal welcomes and encourages articles from both practitioners and academics.

The publication costs are covered by the author/author’s, Institution or Researchers. So, copyright of the articles will remain retain with the authors who publish the articles, though the published material is freely available to all interested online readers.

Authors are requested to submit manuscripts, articles and research papers on [email protected] or [email protected].

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Authors are invited to send their research paper through online submission at IJSRED review board. All the submitted papers will be reviewed as per full double blind international refereeing process.

The Research papers should be drafted in IJSRED paper submission format. We don't accept power point presentations. Preparation Guidelines for Authors

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Note: Are you getting any problem in Paper Uploading? Don’t worry please Submit/Email Research paper at [email protected]

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Authors are invited to send their research paper through online submission at IJSRP review board. All the submitted papers will be reviewed as per full double blind international refereeing process.

The Research papers should be drafted in IJSRP paper submission format and sent at [email protected] or [email protected] for review. We don't accept power point presentations.

All the received paper manuscript will be sent to our reviewer borad and the reviewer comments, plagiarism report will be sent back to authors by email with in 7 days of submission. We index all published papers with Google Scholar, BASE and other indexing partners.

March 2024 edition (Volume 14, Issue 3)

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Journal Name -------Select Your Journal--------------- International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research (IJSSHR) International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations (IJMCI) International Journal of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Research (IJMPSR) International Journal of Life Sciences Research (IJLSR) ISSN 2348-3148 (online) International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research And Innovations (IJIRI) International Journal of Healthcare Sciences (IJHS) ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews (IJERR) International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research (IJCSER) International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology (IJMIT) International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research (IJEER) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology Research (IJCSITR) International Journal of Recent Research in Physics and Chemical Sciences (IJRRPCS) International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS) International Journal of Recent Research in Interdisciplinary Sciences (IJRRIS) International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH) International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM) International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE) International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME) International Journal of Recent Research in Mathematics Computer Science and Information Technology (IJRRMCSIT) International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science(IJNRES) International Journal of Novel Research in Healthcare and Nursing (IJNRHN) International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics (IJNRMME) International Journal of Novel Research in Interdisciplinary Studies (IJNRIS) International Journal of Novel Research in Physics Chemistry & Mathematics(IJNRPCM) International Journal of Novel Research in Humanity and Social Sciences (IJNRHSS) International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences (IJNRLS) International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (IJNREME) International Journal of Novel Research in Education and Learning (IJNREL) International Journal of Novel Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering (IJNRCSSE) International Journal of Novel Research in Civil Structural and Earth Sciences (IJNRCSES) International Journal of Novel Research in Electronics and Communication (IJNREC) International Journal of Thesis Projects and Dissertations (IJTPD) International Journal of Recent Research in Thesis and Dissertation (IJRRTD)

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Critical Writing Program: Decision Making - Spring 2024: Researching the White Paper

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Research the White Paper

Researching the White Paper:

The process of researching and composing a white paper shares some similarities with the kind of research and writing one does for a high school or college research paper. What’s important for writers of white papers to grasp, however, is how much this genre differs from a research paper.  First, the author of a white paper already recognizes that there is a problem to be solved, a decision to be made, and the job of the author is to provide readers with substantive information to help them make some kind of decision--which may include a decision to do more research because major gaps remain. 

Thus, a white paper author would not “brainstorm” a topic. Instead, the white paper author would get busy figuring out how the problem is defined by those who are experiencing it as a problem. Typically that research begins in popular culture--social media, surveys, interviews, newspapers. Once the author has a handle on how the problem is being defined and experienced, its history and its impact, what people in the trenches believe might be the best or worst ways of addressing it, the author then will turn to academic scholarship as well as “grey” literature (more about that later).  Unlike a school research paper, the author does not set out to argue for or against a particular position, and then devote the majority of effort to finding sources to support the selected position.  Instead, the author sets out in good faith to do as much fact-finding as possible, and thus research is likely to present multiple, conflicting, and overlapping perspectives. When people research out of a genuine desire to understand and solve a problem, they listen to every source that may offer helpful information. They will thus have to do much more analysis, synthesis, and sorting of that information, which will often not fall neatly into a “pro” or “con” camp:  Solution A may, for example, solve one part of the problem but exacerbate another part of the problem. Solution C may sound like what everyone wants, but what if it’s built on a set of data that have been criticized by another reliable source?  And so it goes. 

For example, if you are trying to write a white paper on the opioid crisis, you may focus on the value of  providing free, sterilized needles--which do indeed reduce disease, and also provide an opportunity for the health care provider distributing them to offer addiction treatment to the user. However, the free needles are sometimes discarded on the ground, posing a danger to others; or they may be shared; or they may encourage more drug usage. All of those things can be true at once; a reader will want to know about all of these considerations in order to make an informed decision. That is the challenging job of the white paper author.     
 The research you do for your white paper will require that you identify a specific problem, seek popular culture sources to help define the problem, its history, its significance and impact for people affected by it.  You will then delve into academic and grey literature to learn about the way scholars and others with professional expertise answer these same questions. In this way, you will create creating a layered, complex portrait that provides readers with a substantive exploration useful for deliberating and decision-making. You will also likely need to find or create images, including tables, figures, illustrations or photographs, and you will document all of your sources. 

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Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence

Title: large language models are advanced anonymizers.

Abstract: Recent work in privacy research on large language models has shown that they achieve near human-level performance at inferring personal data from real-world online texts. With consistently increasing model capabilities, existing text anonymization methods are currently lacking behind regulatory requirements and adversarial threats. This raises the question of how individuals can effectively protect their personal data in sharing online texts. In this work, we take two steps to answer this question: We first present a new setting for evaluating anonymizations in the face of adversarial LLMs inferences, allowing for a natural measurement of anonymization performance while remedying some of the shortcomings of previous metrics. We then present our LLM-based adversarial anonymization framework leveraging the strong inferential capabilities of LLMs to inform our anonymization procedure. In our experimental evaluation, we show on real-world and synthetic online texts how adversarial anonymization outperforms current industry-grade anonymizers both in terms of the resulting utility and privacy.

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    Submissions for Articles, Reviews and Perspectives, and Matters Arising must be submitted via our online submission system. Please follow these guidelines to ensure that your submission...

  7. How to Submit a Paper for Publication in a Journal

    A good cover letter should underline 3 main aspects: the main theme of the paper, its originality/novelty and the relevance of the manuscript to the target journal. Make a good first impression with your title and abstract. The title and abstract are incredibly important components of a manuscript as they are the first elements a journal editor ...

  8. Submission Portal

    GenBank Submit ribosomal RNA (rRNA), rRNA-ITS, SARS-CoV-2, Influenza, Norovirus, Dengue, metazoan COX1 or eukaryotic nuclear mRNA GenBank Submit assembled reads of SARS-CoV-2 with FASTA files and source metadata. Annotation for SARS-CoV-2 is not required. GenBank

  9. Submit and revise your paper for submission

    For example, you can upload your research data to Mendeley Data (opens in new tab/window), link to research data hosted in repositories, or co-submit a data or methods article. You can also include interactive data visualizations with your article.

  10. How to publish your paper

    A. Yes, instead of giving the volume and page number, you can give the paper's DOI at the end of the citation. For example, Nature papers should be cited in the form; Author (s) Nature advance ...

  11. Submission Guidelines: SAGE Open: Sage Journals

    Submit paper. Please read the guidelines below before visiting the submission site! ... Sage Open welcomes the submission of original research articles and literature reviews. 3.3 Writing your paper. ... Sage Open is hosted on Sage Track, a web based online submission and peer review system powered by ScholarOne™ Manuscripts. Visit https: ...

  12. How Do Online Manuscript Submission Systems Work?

    The online submission process is usually quite straightforward—and the software provided by most publishers is self-explanatory—so submitting a paper to a journal only requires a few simple steps: Preparing your manuscript: To start with, make sure that your paper is ready for submission.

  13. How to Write a Research Paper

    Choose a research paper topic. Conduct preliminary research. Develop a thesis statement. Create a research paper outline. Write a first draft of the research paper. Write the introduction. Write a compelling body of text. Write the conclusion. The second draft.

  14. Submission

    To submit to the journal of your choice, click the Submit Manuscript button on the journal's homepage. The link leads you directly to the submission system used by that journal, which is either Editorial Manager, Manuscript Central or Snapp. Include your ORCID iD

  15. Submit a Manuscript

    Use the links from the individual journal pages to take you through to the relevant journal page and then select 'Submit manuscript' to go through to the system. Step-by-step instructions are available on the site. You can also use Editorial Manager to review or check on the publication status of your manuscript.

  16. Submission Guidelines

    Submission types. There are 4 types of submissions: Focused Technical, Context and Challenge, Regular Manuscripts, and Lengthy Manuscripts. The final published manuscript does not designate the submission category in the title. a. A focused technical paper is a short paper that has results on a technical problem of broad interest to the OR ...

  17. Online Submission

    Online submission of manuscript is now mandatory for all types of paper. Please prepare your manuscript according to the instructions for authors given below before submitting it online at http://mts.sciepub.com. If submission is completed successfully, a paper ID will be allocated to you and an e-mail acknowledgement will follow.

  18. Initial submission online

    The following browsers are compatible with the NAR online submission system: Internet Explorer 9, 10, 11, Firefox 32, Chrome 37, Safari 6, 7. For more details click 'System requirements' on the log-in screen. Submitting your manuscript. You must submit your manuscript online.

  19. IJATCA

    Online Research Paper Submission The IJATCA digital library includes manuscripts, articles and research papers from the different areas of technology. IJATCA provides an immediate, barrier-free access to the full content of research articles without any subscription of the digital library of this journal.

  20. Submit your Research Papers online for publication,Online Research

    IJSRED - Submit Manuscript Authors are invited to send their research paper through online submission at IJSRED review board. All the submitted papers will be reviewed as per full double blind international refereeing process. The Research papers should be drafted in IJSRED paper submission format. We don't accept power point presentations.

  21. Online Research Paper Submission

    Online Manuscript Submission - GSJ. Research/Case Study/Survey/Ex Version Paper Title *. Paper Title Missing ! Maximum Char Allowed 250. Author (s) *. Author Name Missing ! Comma Separated List of all the authors. Email *.

  22. Submit research paper, Paper Publishing, How to Publish Paper Online

    Online Submission Call for Papers - March 2024 Edition (Volume 14, Issue 3) Authors are invited to send their research paper through online submission at IJSRP review board. All the submitted papers will be reviewed as per full double blind international refereeing process.

  23. Online Research Paper Submission

    Online Research Paper Submission. Author can us this form for Online Research Paper Submission or author can submit research paper directly by mail at [email protected]. Your Name (required) Your Email (required) Mobile Number. Affiliation. Country. Title Of Research Article. Journal Name

  24. Researching the White Paper

    Librarians staff live chat from 9-5 Monday through Friday. You can also text to chat: 215-543-7674; You can submit a question 24 hours a day and we aim to respond within 24 hours ; You can click the "Schedule Appointment" button above in librarian's profile box (to the left), to schedule a consultation with her in person or by video conference.

  25. [2402.13846] Large Language Models are Advanced Anonymizers

    Recent work in privacy research on large language models has shown that they achieve near human-level performance at inferring personal data from real-world online texts. With consistently increasing model capabilities, existing text anonymization methods are currently lacking behind regulatory requirements and adversarial threats. This raises the question of how individuals can effectively ...